(489.78 kB) My business partner and I recently added a large screened-in porch with a gable roof onto a client's home. Good luck on your project.Ken. Framing Project Guide. (Of course, your demo has both ridge heights equal, so either could be considered the Major Pitch, but I always default to the Lesser Pitch as the Major Pitch, for explanation sake. The valleys can be placed either at the top or bottom of each section so that they overlap with one another. Using SketchUps Layers feature is not unlike peeling layers of an onion (except I hope shortcomings in my video production wont bring you to tears) so we can get an up-close look at how various framing components fit together. Valley. Add 12-inch to the length. How to Join the Roof Pitches? You cannot join a roof to more than one top face of another roof. With regular pitch H/V roofs the equality simplifies fascia alignments. Well, here's what you need for joining two roofs with different heights. 1. (and it is even visible in the small video windows above, that is what made me look at it. Modern Principles of Design". Thank you in advance @ToanDN any idea? Apply sealant over exposed nails on the last strip. I agree it would be a great resource for the learning process. 5 Jun. Since I've personally not framed this type of roof using the offset method it may take awhile to put the Digital Jobsite Blog post together. An unequally pitched valley rafter is laid out in the same way as the unequally pitched hip. Can you explain further? If the 2 roof pitches involved were both the same, then the hip would bisect the corner angle, forming two equal 67 1/2 angles with the plates. One side of the hip triangle is 1 (one foot) and the other is R1/R2*1 or R1/R2 (thats why we chose one). Pavilion roof: A low-pitched roof hipped equally on all sides and centered over a square or regular polygonal floor plan. Then you have to cricket both sides between the existing hips and the new one. joining two pitched roofs together. *Jim,That was pretty amazing. You could convert to any base by dividing by twelve and multiplying by the new base you want to use and using this result and the chosen base as your two numbers on the square. * The Major Pitch contains the Ridge and typically is the Lesser. I guess I would have, but, I am sort of glad I posted the message and received great replys. Cross hipped: The result of joining two or more, Bell-cast (sprocketed, flared): A roof with the shallow slope below the steeper slope at the eaves. The modal window is a 'site map' of the most critical areas of the site. ), The thing about asymmetrical offset H/V rafters that I really prefer is the ease with which they can be processed. Step Four: Place the rubberized asphalt membrane on top of the roof section. Would you explain to me where the (.7071) came from.Also how would you go about figuring the hip shorting and set backs and the 2 backing angles. Autodesk does not warrant, either expressly or implied, the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information translated by the machine translation service and will not be liable for damages or losses caused by the trust placed in the translation service. Remove the shingles and underlayment on the edges of both pitches. joining two pitched roofs together joining two pitched roofs together Home Realizacje i porady Bez kategorii joining two pitched roofs together. Add 12-inch to the length. When we change one of the two roof pitches to make them unequal, the path of the hip will swing away from the bisected line, towards the steeper plate. This is for 90 corners ONLY, which I assume is your case. By Matt Jackson Overview Next, you will cut out two. *Thanks Steve,No problem spending the 80.00 US Steve, 110.00 Canadian eh! Generally, we can describe the double pitched roof as a triangle that consists of two surfaces which are connected with ridge on the top, Click Modify tab Geometry panel (Join/Unjoin Roof).Select an edge of the roof that you want to join, and then select the wall or roof to which you want to join the roof. (They are off-center.) Steps on How to Attach a Patio Roof to an Existing House. Use these tips to keep cables tight and straight for a professional-looking deck-railing job. Cross gabled: The result of joining two or more gabled roof sections together, forming a T or L shape for the simplest forms, or any number of more complex shapes. How do you combine two roofs? How to Calculate Rafters for Intersecting Roof Planes the Easy Way, Model and Measure Part One: Hip Rafters Demystified by Visualizing in SketchUp, Expert insights on techniques and principles. Become a member and get instant access to thousands of videos, how-tos, tool reviews, and design features. Installing First Rafter. Then add a large dormer to cover bit of the front facing bedroom. Thanks for "stopping by" the Digital Jobsite. Lun - Ven : 08:00 - 18:00 | Sam : 10:00 - 16:00. luciana solar project; celebrity plane crash photos; why isn't folkstyle wrestling in the olympics; castle speaker spares; 7436 euclid avenue chicago; richest ismailis in the world. add a new layer of shingles, which means that the old roof will not be removed/teared off. Helping You to Do It Yourself! You can join roofs to other roofs or walls, or unjoin them if they were previously joined. The valley rafter was as you said close enough according to the string level and square. Does anyone have any tips on how to do this? Report Labels (3) Architecture pitched Roof 0 Likes Reply 1 REPLY Message 2 of 2 alan.johnson7YLND in reply to: u2165896 02-24-2023 05:52 AM Thanks Sly, I was too tired to do that. Image two gable roofs side by side. These two numbers when squared, added, and taken the square root of also give you the length of the hip per foot run. Each roof will be slightly different. And fixing them will show you something's about unequal pitches that you have missed. Auto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type. Prepare a flashing material in the width of approximately 12-inch. Usages vary from region to region, nation to nation, and from one builder or architect to another. Auto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type. Or do a shed roof tying into the two hips on the sides and sloping up and tying into the main roof on the back. To Illustrate this using SketchUp and your models dimensions, draw a right triangle with one leg at 25' 9-3/8" and the other leg length at 17'2-5/8", now scale the triangle down so the hypotenuse is reduced to 1-1/2" (or the thickness of the H/V Rafter) I will then use this scaled down triangle to properly place the H/V footprint, in SketchUp virtually as well as on the job reality too. You can join a roof to the top face of another roof and the wall below that roof if you select the wall as the target. Inspection The first thing that you need is to do a thorough inspection and have an idea of the overall situation of the joining area. Read on to find your favorite flower pot ideas that will add a pop 30+ Green Christmas Tree Decorations. *KenActually the formula that my brother worked out for me was for the ninety degree hip. *Ken describe-rarelyCrazy thing is you got me through that one in February and now in March I'm faced with a similar situation, This time though it is a 9/12 into an 11/12. The other is to get the fascias to line up. Is there a substitute for septic systems? *Jim,No problem.Roof framing is what I do for a living Jim, and I enjoy the math that is associated with it, and enjoy talking about it with others like yourself.I worked out a formula for the Unit Rise of a hip or valley that occurs when two different roof pitches intersect at a 135 inside (valley), or outside (hip) corner. Select an edge of the roof that you want to join, and then select the wall or roof to which you want to join the roof. Elegant rustic christmas decor with fir branches, white roses, a candle lantern. For instance, you can opt for a wooden base structure and place the rooftop on it. Come join the discussion about tools, projects, builds, styles, scales, reviews, accessories, classifieds, and more! The most common parameter is to maintain an equal ridge height over building sections with differing spans. Your in-depth and wide ranging experience from work and business along with extensive knowledge of SketchUp is always an asset to the discussion here. It is the process where roofers install a new roof over your existing one, i.e. http://veritasdomain.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/escher-waterfall-medium.jpg. I appreciate your input on this topic. Cutting all rafters on the ground makes sure we aren't slipping on sawdust up above.8:00 - 15:40 Installing rafters.Nailing the rafters on the layouts done earlier on, and down at the sleeper. To clarify the offset H/V method I'll "build" and upload an additional off-angle roof model to compare the similarities and differences between the two methods discussed here. Install shed rafters from the ledger board to the outer wall, using metal rafter hangers, which attach to the ledger board with screws or nails. Can some one give me a hand. And when using your steps one through three it is exactly what he came up with. Gable roof with eaves, exposed, decorated rafters and soffits, and stepped ascending apexes, temple in Chang Mai, Thailand. Only two ways you can do that is bring that out as a third hip, just like the two big ones. Both types of rafters have the same vertical rise, from the plates tothe ridge, but the hip comes in at a 45 degree angle, which results in a longer horizontal run. To translate this article, select a language. Pick the section where two edges will cross. If necessary, use the ViewCube to spin the design to facilitate selecting the wall or roof edges. Welcome to Autodesks Revit Architecture Forums. How Do You Tie Two Roofs Together? Start your subscription today and save up to 70%. Joining 2 pitched roofs of different inclinations. For this project he wanted uprights under the longer rafters, seen done here.18:51 - 20:09 Explaining the roof system.This should be self-explanatory.20:10 - 21:27 Roof sheathing installation.4'x8'x5/8\" ZIP System Sheathing from Huberwood: www.huberwood.com/ for more information.21:28 - 22:34 Project Recap._________________ : https://www.amazon.com/shop/mattbangswood?listId=3E3RY20WI7A06\u0026ref=idea_share_inf :_________________: https://www.instagram.com/MattBangsWood2 : https://www.youtube.com/MattPanella: https://www.facebook.com/MattBangsWood : https://www.hammr.com/matt:__________ 10%: https://ariat.dkkdet.net/c/2029241/696794/10644 : https://www.toolbelts.com/ : https://www.badworkwear.com/(CODE: \"\")#construction #building #carpentry run on a common rafter. *Ken I find your formulas very interesting and helpful. This simplifies to (SQR(R2^2+R1^2))/R2. Thanks for sharing at The Digital Jobsite. Have you ever wondered how roofs tie together? Use more sealant along the top edges of all shingle strips. Roof angles are an integral component of roof shape, and vary from almost flat to steeply pitched. I can confidently If that is clear. Do not include the sheathing thickness, that should be part of the overall overhang dimension, as that is how rafter lengths should be calculated from.). With the Orbit capability of SketchUp we can check out some of the various roof features as well as get an overview of how dimension/angle factors influence the resulting configuration. Things you will need: Working gloves Measuring tape Permanent marker Screwdriver Circular saw Metal snips Metal screws 2-by-4 and 1-by-1 lumber Butyl caulking 12-inch aluminum flashing Shingle Shingle remover Saw Roofing nails Underlayments Metal snips Procedures: Thanks. Just wanted to let you know that I've re-worked the roof model for this blog post and uploaded it to the Component Warehouse. Image Result For How To Tie Two Gable Roofs Together Gable Roof Design Roof Design Gable Roof. the "one" and the "six" as compared to a diagonal line joining the lower right to upper left corner on the face of the "one" on that dice.Sincerly Maurice. (?). Solved by barthbradley. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Can't find what you're looking for? 2) Also, if you will "fly" around in your model and look up the valley you will notice that the valley line does not align to the outside of the inside corner of the fascia as it should. "The length of hip rafters is calculated on the basis of a 17-in. (And use "Face -to-Face" of stud walls for the rough frame dimensions. Roof terminology is not rigidly defined. Truer words are seldom spoken than the quote in your most recent comment: "There is more to these roofs than "meets the eye"." Roof framing is a great mind tease after the somewhat simplier thought processes of building the walls and floor. This page has been translated for your convenience with an automatic translation service. Well also get a look at how actual rafter framing would look on such a roof. Step 2) Find the square root of the sum of the squares of the unit rises, square root(3+6)=square root(9+36)=square root(45)= 6.7082, Step 3) Divide the result of step 1, by the result of step 2.18/6.7082=2.6833, Step 4) multiply step 3 by 172.6833x17=45.6161, Step 5) divide the result in step 4 by 12, Step 6) put the answer in step 5 over 17. Once completed I'll upload the model to the Component Warehouse for feedback. Solved by TimELZ49. 3/12 and 6/12 is 4.5/17.Is this correct? Since the "offset" H/V method you've explained (very clearly) is new to me, I've got to spend a little time figuring out how best to model and then explain the process. Solved by bin. Dividing these numbers gives you the ratio of 2.6833 which gives Kens original product of R1 time R2 divided by the Square root of the sum of the squares. 3/12 and 6/12 is 4.5/17. 02-24-2023 03:33 AM Two pitched roofs different slopes joining together Hi Everyone, Quick question, can someone help me with this, please? As there are as many ways to model things as there are to build them I hope other viewers appreciate the methods and perspective shared in your comments,I know I do. This video above shows how the finished roof planes in off-angle roof construction will look when completed. What are the most dangerous parts of Baltimore? 3) The offset height of the flat topped ridges is correct. Also, when building an Irregular with Equal Ridge heights, the tangent of the plan angle is (Minor Span/Major Span). In a hip roof with equal pitches, the unit run of a hip or valley rafter is 17 inches for every 12 inches of run in the main roof. Your depth of knowledge and insight will benefit any who invest a little time to read our dialog. Source: www.jlconline.com. This page was last edited on 26 December 2022, at 16:37. The subtle though important issues about hip/valley placement that you've highlighted in our ongoing dialog on the Tale of Two Pitches saga have inspired me to follow your suggestion to do a follow up post showing the "offset method" of framing an off-angle hip roof system. He can out woodwork, drywall tape and finish me hands down. (The old German Carpenters did them both ways.) To simplify your demo above, make the spans simpler with their proportions, for example, 30' and 20'. Double-pitched roof is a traditional, most often used roof. How do I make it seamless? I was taught to split the different pitches thus coming up with the hip pitch. The porch joined the house at right angles to a shed roof section. This is Ken's square root of R1 squared plus R2 squared or the square root of 9 + 36 but is divided by R2. 2023 The Taunton Press, Inc. All rights reserved. Even though this is a small roof the steps are still the same f. run, as opposed to the 12-in. And backing bevels are not absolutely necessary to the process them as with the equally split (centered) Irregular H/V Rafters. The wall must be attached to the target roof and the target roof must be a footprint roof. ( the same thing that occurs at a 90 corner when 2 different roof pitches are involved)It just so happens, because of the ratio of the roof pitches that you have, 6:9, that the hip will swing to a position where it makes an angle of 41 3/4 with the 9/12 plate, and 93 1/4 with the 6/12 plate, as shown in the attached drawing.For all practical purposes, the run of the irregular hip, is almost identical to the run of a 6/12 common rafter. Turned out great.We also had to cut the 9 into the 6 at a 135 degree inside corner. Doesn't make sense to me!). It's looking like I'm going to have to eat a slice or two :-), "You could do it like this (centered), . "What do ya mean you can't build it? The hip/valley members are 1 1/2" thick and my intent was to show the bottom surface of roof sheathing meeting at their centers. Pressing the Escape (ESC) button will close the modal and bring you back to where you were on the page. . Not including fascia thickness in the overhang dimension in the Tale of Two Pitches model was something I realized late in the modeling process. Welcome to Autodesk's Revit Architecture Forums. In a scenario with roofs of different heights, they suggest using a type of roof structure called blind valleys (also called California valleys). You are correct. joining two pitched roofs together. Brejnik team consists of qualified and trusted: Architects, Interior Designers, Appraisers / Lenders, Trades & Suppliers, Geo-technical engineers, Structural Engineers, Arborists, Landscape Architects, Pool & Water Feature. It appears that you have the meeting planes aligned to the inside of the fascia thickness instead of the outsides. I'm sure you may be hearing fromn me.jim. I believe you have made a couple of simple errors in your drawing that can, and should, be fixed. June 7, 2022; certified financial therapist Joining two sloping roof sections together, such as in the case of a shed or gable roof, then. Each side extends far enough to cover an entire structure. The 17-in. Joining unequally pitched roofs getting oriented. *R Butters,I've been slow in responding to your post. Compare with. I have done several of them, those really good 'creative' minded architects, they are always finding stuff like this to challenge framers & roofers. *Tool Shed,Your figures are very close and I'm sure the roof came out nicely using the figures that you mentioned.The actual bevels are 39 for the 12/12 jacks and 51 for the 9 3/4 /12 jacks. i.e. One for the same pitch values and the other for different pitches. Another option would be to raise the current kitchen roof to match the new roof, but as it joins the neighbours roof, we would have to just raise our side and somehow join it to the neighbours lower one. The number on the blade of the square is R1. Pick the section where two edges will cross. You don't need to multiply them out unless you want to change bases on your square. But I'm having a problem with the design of the join , and making this waterproof. Attach the first horizontal rafter to the main beam. After the addition roof is framed and sheathed, snap a line on the existing roof shingles 2 in. 4) Type of Join and the structure to hold the roof together Well, there are many join types that you can consider. Or do a shed roof tying into the two hips on the sides and sloping up and tying into the main roof on the back. That's likely the condition in the field. sketchup is a great program. Spiral, a steeply pitched spire which twists as it goes up. Below are the steps on how to join two roofs together if they have different pitch: Prepare the area by identifying where the two different-pitched roofs will meet. An inspirational, peaceful, listening experience. If I ran into this problem, I would make an accurate full scale drawing ( 1 1/2" wide hip/val, 1 1/2" wide ridge boards) to determine how to make the cut properly, and determine its length. For the final row, cut shingles into strips. Not sure if they are readily aviailable retail here in Toronto. Joining Two Roofs with Different Pitches. That it does not, all math and scaling is done to the overhang instead of the walls like equal pitch roof thus your ridge heights will always be the same. Go to Solution. If it takes a lot of work to make something a little better, it's probably not worth it." If desired, set the lines of the second roof to be slope defining, except the roof line that will be coincident with the first roof or the wall. Valley. Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. I searched through the forum, but i couldn't find a solution that worked, everything i. Conical Chinese roof, Nanhai Academy, Taipei, A conical dry-stone roof on a Trullo hut, Apulia, Italy, Cross gabled roof at the Verla mill village and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Kouvola, Curved form of a mansard roof with bell-cast eaves, Rommersdorf Abbey, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany, A common form of gambrel roof, Captain Joseph Atwood house, 1752; now part of the Atwood House Museum, Chatham, Massachusetts, US, A less common form of gambrel roof with a curved lower roof slope with supporting curved soffits and thick tiles, Altnau, Switzerland, An ogee-curved roof, in both axes, Montacute Lodge, England, South Korean Woljeongsa Octagonal Nine Story Pagoda, A pyramid roof with a chimney exiting the peak, The Round House, Finchingfield, Essex, England, A pent roof is a lower roof attached to a wall, A Swedish Sateri is hipped and pent-hipped with two layers of eaves, Rounded pyramidal roof on a charchala style temple in India, A spiraled church tower roof, cloister, Loiret, France. This is a dialog window which overlays the main content of the page. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google. I will check however. ; as shown in your SU Demo.). I'm not exactly sure what the point of your first comment is. 2. It also helped me to understand the point you raise: Soffit width and fascia height can be made equal by adjusting the roof pitch and rafter bearing height. 1) If the H/V rafters are not backed, the H/V rafters should not be equally split from the Hip/Valley line in plan-view. I see a problem on the horizon though: what to title the new post? If you had the forethought to make the common rafters into components then you just cut one back and they all cut back. Here's how!0:00 - 2:45 Sleepers installed.Sleepers are where your rafters will land, these are installed nailed down into trusses or rafters below to ensure a solid connection.2:46 - 4:09 Ridge Board installed.The Ridge is where your rafters will but into up at the top, your ridge board creates the 'peak' of the roof. However! I've long lived by the credo: "If it takes a little work to make something a lot better, it's worth it. For example, if the 2 roof pitches involved were 3/12 and 6/12, the correct hip pitch is not 4.5/17. A valley joint, the two overlapping sections of roofing material, is cut to form an inverted V-shaped ridge. How do I stop my toilet flapper from closing too fast? Thanks in advance. Achieving even ridge height requires non-standard rafter cuts, Differing spans and matching ridge heights require off-angle roof framing. Thanks again.jim. Determine where the two roof edges will cross and add 12 inches to that length. That is what makes SU so cool, Real, and Live, 3-D models. Is this correct? Sign up for eletters today and get the latest how-to from Fine Homebuilding, plus special offers. I guess I will have to track one down up here. Ironically, in this case the teacher (me? The hip and valley pitch would be 7 9/16"/12 or on your speed square, that would be a 10.7 hip, just a little under the 11 mark.Using a framing square that would be about 10 11/16 / 17.Ken, I have only built one roof where a hip was joining two different pitch roofs at the corner of a house. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google. About the overhangs/fascia issue; Your SU model has the Major Roof showing the Fascia planed to the outside shoulder and the Minor Roof is planed to the inside shoulder, so the model is inconsistent in that respect. Passmore, Augustine C. (1904). - M.K. . The wall must be attached to the target roof and the target roof must be a footprint roof. BTW He's an electricaal engineer. Arched roof, also called a Gothic arch, and ship's bottom roof, Weston, Oregon, A bonnet roof with lower pitched lower slopes at a lower pitch, as seen on traditional barns in the western United States, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, Parabolic curved roof, Keleti Railway Station, Budapest, Hungary, Collegiate Gothic style roof of the Sage Hall at Cornell Central Campus, Mansard roof on a county jail, Mount Gilead, Ohio, A helm roof on the towers of the Limburger Dom, Germany. Thanks. At the end of the second one you began verbally stumbling with your explanation a bit. Become a member and get unlimited site access, including the That's what Fascias cover up. I respect your persistence. We never got around to the 135 degree stuff. Get complete site access to expert advice, how-to videos, Code Check, and more, plus the print magazine. Before you can join two roofs together, then one of them will need to have a valley cut into it that is large enough for this material to be placed in between and seamed together at different angles. For any other 2 roof pitches, just substitute the new unit rises for 3 and 6 in the above steps. This is not an official translation and may contain errors and inaccurate translations. Get complete site access to expert advice, how-to videos, Code Check, and more, plus the print magazine. The idea of showing bevels on top of the ridges is to help visualize how the roof planes "plane out" with aid of the "Z flashing" effect in SkectchUp. This information should be the secret "clue" for the placement and rotation of the Hip Rafter as you demonstrate the Hip roof construction in your tutorials. And because the modern circular saws can be set to match cheek-cut bevels, this tool geometry is a big part of the ease with which these rafters can be accurately marked and cut (*processed). Ensure strips are wide enough to cover nails. Can't do it the way you have it drawn. For most typical conventional roof framing they would be processed almost as easily as a common, the length derived using the same "Effective Run" base dimension as used to calculate the Commons. Although uncommon, there are situations where architectural parameters require off angle hip and valley roof construction. It would be really cool to see another SU Demo showing how to draw in SketchUp an Irregular H/V Roof with the proportionate offset and square shouldered H/V Rafters. Ken's answer in step three of 2.6833 is correct when using 2.6833 and 12 on your framing square. "The Machine Shop and the Works. Does centering the H/V warp the roof planes or some other subtle distortion? Keep in mind that when you change roof pitch it also affects length of overhangs and alignment of fascia. up from the valley center, and cut through the shingles and underlayment. Think of it as a diagonal line joining two planes of a dice from a lower corner to a upper corner i.e. Joining Two Roofs of Different Pitches By John Carroll Download the PDF version of this article. A forum community dedicated to Do it yourself-ers and home improvement enthusiasts. Another approach (my approach) is to draw the rafters first without a ridge beam; as if they are simply mitered at the peak. Installing a new roof over an existing one can only be done if you have shingles because you can only put shingles over shingles. But here it will be different, since the hip rafter doesn't lie at 45 degrees to the commons. Hopefully by that time I'll have learned enough about the process to post a viable follow up. ), learns a lesson in the process of teaching. On the View Control Bar, for Visual Style, select Shaded. Complex roof cutting is part of why I love Sketchup so much. Equally splitting the rafter that joins unequally split pitches? There should be no difference in a roof modeled in SU or framed in reality. but there's a better way." Do you happen to have a good recipe for humble pie? Pretty Home Office Ideas For 10+ Front Entrance Plants Ideas. Or at least at the same time. . The result is better understood by looking at the original geometry of the problem. Then, based on the structural ridge beam size you need draw a beam that passes through the rafters at the proper location. See if it reminds you of your brother's formula that you lost.Let URL = the Unit Rise of the lower pitch roofLet URH = the Unit Rise of the higher pitched roofThen the Unit Rise of the Hip or Valley is equal to= (.7071 x URL x URH)/sqrt( (URL)+ (URH) - 1.4142 x URL x URH)In you example, URL = 6 and URH = 9Substituting these unit rises into the formula, we getUnit Rise of Hip/Val = (.7071 x 6 x 9)/sqrt(36 + 81 - 1.4142 x 54) = 5.99Therefore, the Pitch of the hip or valley would be 5.99/12, or for all practical purposes, 6/12.Does that look familiar? His step 4 & 5 multiplying by 17 and dividing by twelve merely converts these numbers to a new base of 17 and 3.8 on your square. Source: tomtarrant.com Based on the pitch of the roof, joining roofs can be categorized into two sections. Thanks for the detailed answerI really appreciate it. Either way, your homes existing design may interfere or affect the changes you can make. . So if you make the plumb cut on the hip 6/12, it should fit nicely.Here's something really unusual.Look at the drawing.
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