. Treatment of retrobulbar abscesses is an extremely difficult procedure and, unfortunately the majority of chronic retrobulbar abscesses may recur. Pasteurella multocida has frequently been implicated as the cause for these abscesses, although confirmation through culture is rarely attained. If the cause of an abscess cannot be treated, there is a moderate to high probability it will return after treatment. (frequently mandible abscesses will develop which can lead to osteomyelitis) Bulging of the eye (sometimes a retrobulbar abscess will develop as a result of dental problems) Ocular discharge (sometimes caused by a . Rabbit/rodent dental head support, Sontec Instruments Inc, Englewood, Colo. Ohmeda 5250 respiratory gas monitor, BOC group, Louisville, Colo. Tycos Hand Aneroid Sphygmomanometer, Miami Medical, Glen Allen, Va. Karl Storz Veterinary Endoscopy America Inc, Goleta, Calif. Dremel Multipro model 395, Robert Bosh Tool Corp, Dremel Service Center, Racine, Wisc. Crossley DA. 000-000-000 . Three days later, surgical access to the abscess was obtained by incising over the swelling on the right-hand side of the face and dissecting through the soft tissues to a 5-mm pathologic decit on the lateral aspect of the max-illa. Anatomy 6. In:Hillyer EV, Quesenberry KE, ed.Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. How to manage the geriatric rabbit, in Proceedings. The frequency of gastrointestinal sounds was abnormally low in all 4 abdominal quadrants, but findings pertinent to the cardiorespiratory system were considered normal. An 18-gauge catheter was directed into the cavity, which was copiously flushed with 200 mL of warm sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. In:Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, ed.Ferrets, rabbits and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. INTRODUCTION. Seeing your rabbit's eye suddenly protruding out further than it used to can be very confronting. Oral biology and disorders of lagomorphs. Rabbits are also prone to retrobulbar abscesses often associated with Pasteurella multocida; abscesses often form as an extension from dental disease (Jakl, 2012). In rabbits, retrobulbar abscesses are commonly the cause of exophthalmos (Figure 20-1). The most common signs of a retrobulbar abscess are bulging of the eye, protrusion of the third eyelid across the eye and inability to close the eyelids completely. Radiographs of the cranium (dorsoventral, right and left lateral, and oblique views) were obtained on a mammography cassettec and films.d Radiography revealed severe malocclusion of the premolars and molars, with multiple elongated roots. The pus is an accumulation of dead cells from the battle to fight the infection. Vet Ophthalmol 2002;5:227230. Intraocular pressuree was 14 and 13 mm Hg in the right and left eye, respectively. Copyright 2012 2012 by Susan Brown, DVM. Even with intense medical management and surgical debridement, the prognosis is generally guarded for rabbits with retrobulbar abscesses because of abscess reccurrence secondary to incomplete removal of the abscess wall.36 In the rabbit of the present report, no signs of retrobulbar disease were detected 1 year after treatment. The most common signs of a retrobulbar abscess are bulging of the eye, protrusion of the third eyelid across the eye and inability to close the eyelids completely. PMC width: 100%; Hey evereyone I'm new here! 000-000-000 . CAB Direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences, incorporating the leading bibliographic databases CAB Abstracts and Global Health. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2006;9:657665. This is exophthalmos caused by a retrobulbar space occupying mass. This can prove long and expensive, and treatment may need to be aimed at palliative care, to keep the rabbit comfortable for as long as possible. Used with permission. A small angled elevator was used to break down the soft tissue attachments securing the molar. 5197-100 SITElite handle and clarus SITEcoupler model 30100 (pediatric) eyepiece, Clarus Medical LLC, Minneapolis, Minn. T/pump system of TP22 pad and TP500 pump, Gaymar Industries Inc, Orchard Park, NY. Ideally a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan should be taken to assess the extent of the abscess, the infection and the tooth roots, but often this is not possible due to financial constraints. MRI: abscess dorsal from molar root tooth, Anaerobic bacteria are commonly isolated -, Yes please, I would like to read about future offers and latest news via email. Surgical treatment of rabbit retrobulbar abscesses by enucleation and abscess drainage procedure. Identification of uncultured bacteria from abscesses of exotic pet animals using broad-range nested 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. The cavity had decreased in size and was copiously flushed with sterile saline solution and antimicrobials, as described. bImage of the eye and retrobulbar area 4 weeks after surgery. Verstraete FJM. Surgery will be required to go behind the eye, drain the pus and prevent any further damage. Orbital abscess as a complication of odontogenic infection. We started with antibiotics, vet said it could be 4-6 weeks before we saw results. Lobprise HB, Wiggs RB. Jenkins JR. Rabbits. He went in under the eye in hopes that he might be able to access the abscess without reomving the eye, but unfortunately that wasn't the case. Define retrobulbar abscess. Before one can understand how a rabbit uses his teeth, one must first understand some basics of the dental anatomy of a rabbit. Available at: www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00408.htm. Leukocytosis with neutrophilia may be present. After seeing her regular vet, he suspected an abscess but wanted the eye to be ultrasounded, so we went to see an ophth specialist. Have a vet take some radiographs of the teeth to see if the roots look OK. January 2010; Der Praktische Tierarzt 91(1):14-22 A blood sample (2.5 mL) was collected from the central auricular artery. Whatever the treatment choice, it is imperative to follow through with your veterinarians requested recheck appointments and diagnostic testing to improve the chances for abscess resolution. The owner was advised to monitor the rabbit's weight and have dental examinations repeated every 6 months. He confirmed there was a mass behind the eye, but is was way back behind the eye. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Endoscopic examination was performed with a 5-mm, 0 otoendoscope and a 2.7-mm, 30 Hopkins telescope attached to a xenon light source via a fiber-optic cable and a camera providing video feed to a monitor.4,m Digital video and still images were captured with a documentation system. They are very well encapsulated and because of their location they are very difficult to reach and drain. Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Ga. Bickford PC-2B, Bickford Inc, Wales Center, NY. Older rabbit with a history of severe acquired dental disease, retrobulbar abscess, and enucleation of the right eye. [47] record evidence from . Pharmocokinetics of penicillin-G in serum and nasal washing of Pasterella multocida free and infected rabbits. The rabbit was hospitalized for supportive care overnight and was scheduled for elective surgery for tooth removal and abscess debridement the following day. . The link was not copied. Sevoflurane (7%) in oxygen was delivered by means of a face mask in a Norman elbow nonrebreathing systemb to induce anesthesia, and 2% to 3% isoflurane was administered for anesthetic maintenance. Exot DVM 2004;6:3740. We have an ever growing content library on Vetlexicon so if you ever find we haven't covered something that you need please fill in the form below and let us know! Systemic problems may also affect the metabolically active apical germinal tissue and odontoblasts.13,19-23, Diagnosis and treatment of dental disease are often complicated by a vague clinical history, examination late in the disease process, variable and nonspecific clinical signs, and the difficulty inherent in performing detailed oral cavity examination in conscious rabbits. Dental abscess 03: surgical debridement. However, this test is limited to the evaluation of the eye and the retrobulbar space. In many cases, enucleation is required to access the diseased tissues. Results of susceptibility testing revealed that no single antimicrobial was effective against both bacteria. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Taenia serialis causing exophthamos in a pet rabbit. Rabbit Abscesses. In:Martin CL, ed.Ophthalmic disease in veterinary medicine. Treatment options for retrobulbar abscesses are presently limited in pet rabbits, and in 1 review,20 the prognosis was considered to be guarded to grave. This causes a high recurrence rate, since only a small amount of exudate needs to be left inside the abscess cavity for it to return. Volume 41, Issue 7. A second swab was used to obtain smears for Gram staining and cytologic analysis. A case report and review of the literature. Physical and ophthalmic examinations 6 months after the surgery yielded no remarkable findings, and the rabbit weighed 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) and had a body condition score of 3/5. Masipa JN, Bouckaert M, Masureik C, Lemmer J, Meyerov R, Feller L. Duangurai T, Siengsanan-Lamont J, Bumrungpun C, Kaewmongkol G, Areevijittrakul L, Sirinarumitr T, Fenwick SG, Kaewmongkol S. Vet World. Fifteen minutes before anesthetic induction via a face mask, the rabbit was premedicated with midazolam (0.5 mg/ kg [0.23 mg/lb], IM), hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg [0.05 mg/lb], IM), and glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg [0.005 mg/lb], IM). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. London: Mason Publishing Ltd, 2005;113144. A bacterial abscess of the tooth roots can come about rather quickly (hours-days), but other things can cause eyes to protrude (called exopthalmos), such as tumors, which grow on the order of weeks-months. Retrobulbar abscesses in rabbits often results in enucleation of the affected eye as surgical drainage is traumatic and difficult (Gelatt, Gilgerm, & Kern, 2013). One year after the initial diagnosis, the rabbit was clinically normal and no further complications were reported. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002;292306. If clinical resolution is not gained, enucleation may be performed instead. Orbital abscess: management and outcome. A Biblioteca Virtual em Sade uma colecao de fontes de informacao cientfica e tcnica em sade organizada e armazenada em formato eletrnico nos pases da Regio Latino-Americana e do Caribe, acessveis de forma universal na Internet de modo compatvel com as bases internacionais. This article describes the diagnosis, surgical treatment, and long-term management of an extensive abscess located within the right maxilla and retrobulbar space of a domestic rabbit. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. In:Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, ed.Ferret, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. Preoperative assessment and long-term monitoring were achieved with a combination of radiography, ophthalmic ultrasonography, and CT. Extraoral rigid endoscopy via a fenestration in the maxilla was used to facilitate surgical debridement of the lesion, and extraction of multiple cheek teeth has been fundamental to achieving control. In:Hillyer EV, Quesenberry KE, ed.Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. 3-mm round long burr, Surgical Innovations Inc, Suwanee, Ga. Consil, Nutramax Laboratories Inc, Edgewood, Md. Gentle retropulsion of the left eye was used to aid in removal of inspissated material. X-rays will not only show abnormalities behind the eye, but will also give the opportunity to confirm or rule out dental disease. Transverse planar ultrasonographic images of the left eye and retrobulbar area in the same rabbit as in Figure 1. aImage of the left eye and retrobulbar area at the time of initial examination. Public health considerations Anaerobic bacteria are commonly isolated - Prevotella spp, Actinomyces spp Actinomyces spp , etc can be isolated and were also described as pathogens in cases of human oral disease, so basic . Case description: A 1-year-old sexually intact female Netherland dwarf rabbit was examined because of a 3-week history of signs of lethargy, decreased appetite, left unilateral exophthalmia, a previous draining sinus from a left maxillary facial abscess, and bilateral nasal discharge. Careers. An abscess is a cavity containing pus surrounded by a capsule of thickened, inflamed tissue. This is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible. PMC This case report describes a 13-month-old female neutered Netherland Dwarf rabbit that was diagnosed with a dental associated infection of the right maxillary third premolar. Hillyer EV. .item01 { Either-Employer-9216 30 min. The left maxillary second molar appeared to penetrate into the left retrobulbar space. Accessed Dec 6, 2007. In the following article different methods are presented by which an enucleation of the bulbus can be avoided. Figure-4. Betty has developed some thick white discharge from the nostril on the side where she had the eye enucleated. Capello V. Endoscopic assessment and treatment of cheek teeth malocclusion in pet rabbits. Vet Rec 1995;137:341346. National Library of Medicine Citation: Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 230, 6; 10.2460/javma.230.6.868. Diagnostic investigation revealed anemia, neutrophilia, severe dental disease, a superficial corneal ulcer of the left eye, and a retrobulbar abscess. Would you like email updates of new search results? National Library of Medicine Rabbits can suffer from infections of the upper respiratory tract (the sinuses and other parts of the tract that are not actually parts of the lungs), and this is usually manifested as runny nose, runny eyes and sneezing. Available at: www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00293.htm. J Am Vet Med Assoc. }, author={Michelle Ward}, journal={The veterinary clinics of North America. Best wishes for the rest of her recovery. Runny Eyes, Runny Nose: What Do They Mean? Treatment of a retrobulbar abscess secondary to dental associated infection in a rabbit . government site. . The rabbit survived with good quality of life for several years on Oxbow Critical Care and soaked pellets. Case DescriptionA 1-year-old sexually intact female Netherland dwarf rabbit was examined because of a 3-week history of signs of lethargy, decreased appetite, left unilateral exophthalmia, a previous draining sinus from a left maxillary facial abscess, and bilateral nasal discharge. Synonyms for retroarticular abscess in Free Thesaurus. Use of collagen shields for treatment of chronic bilateral corneal ulcers in a pet rabbit. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Treatment and outcome: http://www.VeterinaryPartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=503. In rabbits, unilateral exophthalmos may be caused by: Retrobulbar abscess : Pasteurella has frequently been implicated as the cause of these abscesses, although culture is rarely performed. Surgery allows complete removal of the abscess and a thorough flushing of the cavity to ensure that none of the exudate is left within it. Thanks everyone. (1999) Treatment of Facial Abscesses in Rabbits. Notice the persisting soft tissue swelling associated with exophthalmia involving the left eye (arrow). Pain - on opening the mouth, commonly associated with an abscess; Discharge - watery to mucky due to inflammation; Third eyelid elevated - caused by pressure from behind the eye; Causes. She will remin on the antibiotics for some time and we will keep a close watch for future abscesses. In this case, the tooth needs to be removed as well as long-term medical treatment with antibiotics started. Microbiological and molecular analysis of endodontic infections. and transmitted securely. Disclaimer. If the abscess closes too quickly, it will merely fill with pus again. 2007 Mar 15;230(6):868-72. doi: 10.2460/javma.230.6.868. Often, in moderate to severe cases, it is possible to make a presumptive diagnosis after having examined the affected eye and the mouth for the presence of dental disease. The veterinarian didn't feel the abscess was ready to be drained. Disclaimer. Brook DL. Appreciate species differences in ocular anatomy . Crossley DA. cView of cavity debridement being performed with an angled curette. Treatment and OutcomeStomatoscopy-aided dental trimming, tooth removal, and abscess debridement were performed. Have a basic understanding of the evolution of the eye . I work at a vet clinic so I brought her in and she was in shock and we had to bolus 250 ml of normasol and put her on oxygen. 2019 Oct;12(10):1546-1553. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1546-1553. Continuing to use www.cabdirect.org Kirschner SE. Ophthalmic diseases. Chauvin Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Harold Hill, Romford, Essex, UK. opacity: 1; Common presentations include the following: . A 1-year-old sexually intact female Netherland dwarf rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with a 3-week history of signs of lethargy, decreased appetite, left unilateral exophthalmia, a resolved draining sinus from a left maxillary facial abscess, and bilateral nasal discharge was referred to the Exotic Animal, Wildlife, and Zoological Medicine Service at the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Antimicrobials were flushed into the tooth abscess cavity, and antimicrobial treatment was initiated on the basis of cytologic findings and results of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing. The accumulated fluid in the tear duct is a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and an abscess can form easily. What is a retrobulbar problem? Suneetha N, Battu RR, Thomas RK, et al. An abscess is a cavity containing pus surrounded by a capsule of thickened, inflamed tissue. Our differential diagnoses for exophthalmia in a rabbit included retrobulbar mass (cheek teeth root abscess, lymphoma), glaucoma (primary or secondary) and thymoma. Endoscopic examination yielded visual confirmation of a cavity, and maxillary and dental elements were visible through the gingival defect. In:Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, ed.Ferrets, rabbits and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. Martnez-Jimnez D, Hernndez-Divers SJ, Dietrich UM, Williams CO, Blasier MW, Wilson H, Frank PM. A case report and review of the literature. retrobulbar abscess; -Otitis media or interna - caused by bacteria or yeast entering the middle or Swabs from the abscess were collected instead of a biopsy specimen because swab specimens have also been found to be valuable diagnostically.34 In an earlier study34 of dental abscesses in pet rabbits, the etiologic agents often included a mixture of anaerobic gram-negative rods (especially Fusobacterium nucleatum); anaerobic gram-positive, nonspore-forming rods (predominantly Actinomyces spp); and aerobic gram-positive cocci (particularly the Streptococcus milleri group).34 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus spp were not isolated from mandibular and maxillary abscesses in that study, but other etiologic agents have been isolated from orbital abscesses in rabbits that were not reported.28 In humans, P aeruginosa and Enterococcus spp have been implicated in orbital abscesses.35 Given the favorable response to surgical and medical treatment, it was concluded that these organisms were the true etiologic agents and that the approach was successful in obtaining a representative sample. Diagnosis and management of a retrobulbar abscess of periapical origin in a domestic rabbit. Please email CABIsupport@cabi.orgwith your LibKey API Key and LibKey Static ID whichmay berequested from Third Ironsupport@thirdiron.com. Abscesses may develop in the subcutaneous cellular tissue, in muscles, bones, and so forth, as well as in organs (such as the liver, lungs, spleen, and brain) or between them (interintestinal abscesses, subphrenic . Extensive online help - available wherever you are in CAB Direct. Results of blood testing were within reference ranges. Abstract. government site. 2007; 230(6):868-72 . Retrobulbar abscess. Pet rabbits. When this infection becomes localized in . This can be related to factors such as difficulty in removing all the abscessed tissue due to location, the inability of antibiotics in the blood to penetrate the abscess wall, draining tracts coming off the abscess, and the possibility that the underlying cause was not treated. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. Selected drug dosages and clinical reference data. In some instances, palliation was achieved with antimicrobial treatment and surgical debridement of the abscess.13 However, because rabbits form caseous exudates within thick-walled pyogenic capsules, incomplete excision often leads to recurrence.13,30 The recommended treatment for retrobulbar abscesses includes exenteration of the orbit and enucleation to allow access to and debridement of the retrobulbar space.3 Other described approaches that have been used after dental extraction and aggressive surgical debridement include packing the abscess cavity with antimicrobial suspensions, gentamicin-soaked collagen material, clindamycin powder or perforated capsules, calcium hydroxide, antimicrobial-soaked bone matrix material such as hydroxyapatite, bioactive ceramics, antimicrobial-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads, or doxycycline-containing polymer gel.8,28,31-33 There is at least 1 case report28 in which use of an endoscope facilitated surgical debridement of an abscess cavity, but in that instance, the endoscope was used extraorally. [Fractures of the canines require attention]. For Librarians:Integration of your institutional LibKey profile with CAB Direct is very quick and easy! Antonyms for retroarticular abscess. Legendre LFJ. Retrobulbar abscess is commonly associated with acquired dental disease - higher incidence in rabbits older than 2 years. The anemia was not investigated further, and results of postoperative hematologic testing were within reference range. Pus that is found behind the eye will usually be evaluated for the presence of pathogens as well. OPEN ACCESS FORMS, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00293.htm, www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00408.htm, Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2008, Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Veterinary Infection Control Committee 2010, Infection control practices and zoonotic disease risks among veterinarians in the United States, Influence of metoclopramide on gastroesophageal reflux in anesthetized dogs. Kelleher SA. See Figure 1 for key. [Fractures of the canines require attention]. J Am Vet Med Assoc. The rabbit was reevaluated 2, 3, and 4 weeks after surgery. It is important to determine the cause of an abscess, not to just treat the abscess itself. J Vet Dent 1995;12:137140. Unfortunately a lot of the pics people put online are the most obvious cases they've seen, and many of those occur with total neglect of the rabbit, or someone not paying very close attention to their rabbit. Ophthalmic examination confirmed exophthalmia and a dorsally deviated left globe that could not be retropulsed. In addition, rabbit abscesses often develop finger-like projections or tracts into the surrounding tissue where new abscesses can form. Applying pressure to the globe at the same time as examining the oral cavity is helpful in the investigation of . Endod Top 2004;7:3551. Dental abscesses also may appear as retrobulbar abscesses. A mixed population with gram-positive and gram-negative bacilli and many degenerative polymorphonuclear cells was detected, consistent with bacterial infection. Abnormal ocular or oculonasal discharge can also develop as a consequence of the eye irritation and the rabbit may show signs of discomfort such as excessive blinking and grinding teeth. Recommended surgical treatment of such abscesses involves complete excision of the lesion, aggressive debridement of affected bone [3], and removal of associated teeth or tooth fragments [1]. Just days after we had to put our little Snow to sleep Daria suddenly started being a picky eater. The corneal ulcer and nasal discharge had completely resolved 3 weeks after surgery. Ideally, all of the wall of all abscesses should be cultured for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria to determine the best choice for antibiotic therapy with or without surgery. Register today and take advantage of membership benefits. It was thickly encapsulated, so the antibiotics likely wouldn't have been able to penetrate it. 8600 Rockville Pike Would you like email updates of new search results? Above all, antibiotic-containing implants, which are introduced into the abscess cavity, show a high success rate. Dental abscesses in rabbits are unusual in that they seldom produce hyperthermia, can become very large without producing apparent discomfort, and tend to encapsulate and progressively destroy surrounding bone. Treatment: Orbital cellulites and retrobulbar abscess are treated similarly, as follows: Drainage via an incision is made through only the oral mucosa. 97. The abscess cavity may also need debriding and being packed with antibiotic impregnated beads. Rabbit abscess picture. She stayed at the vet at for pain we gave her rimadyl and baytril. 2005 Jan 15;130(2):50-3. Stomatoscopy confirmed overgrowth of the left mandibular second molar, and small spurs affecting the lingual surface of the left maxillary second and third premolars were reduced. The .gov means its official. In 1938, Derry's summary [49] indicated that the earliest occurrence dated to 3300 bc, although Morse et al. Taylor M. Endoscopy as an aid to the examination and treatment of oropharyngeal disease of small herbivorous mammals. Stomatoscopy is a valuable technique that can facilitate diagnosis, treatment, and serial reevaluation of rabbits with dental disease. MeSH This procedure is usually performed under anesthesia, unless the abscess is very small. Ocular ultrasonography revealed a poorly defined area of hypoechoic, flocculent-appearing material caudomedial to the left globe, most consistent with a retrobulbar abscess (Figure 2). Abscesses develop when bacteria enter a part of the body. CAB Direct now works with LibKey! 2nd ed. } Medical Information Search. Stomatoscopy examination revealed no opening or cavity. Remeeus PG, Verbeek M. The use of calcium hydroxide in the treatment of abscesses in the cheek of the rabbit resulting from a dental periapical disorder. It is not always possible to surgically remove an abscess due to its location, other disease (making anesthesia or a lengthy surgery dangerous) or financial restraints. 2020 VetPartners Practices Limited t/a Willows Veterinary Centre, Registered Address Spitfire House, Aviator Ct, York YO30 4UZ. One week after surgery, results of bacterial culture of the abscess fluid revealed light growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and very light growth of Enterococcus spp. Severe molar root intrusion can also be the cause of retrobulbar abscesses (i.e., abscesses located behind the eye . It is the bodys natural defences to try and wall off infection to stop it spreading elsewhere within the body. Please note that using antibiotics as the sole treatment without at least opening and cleaning the abscess is usually unsuccessful because these drugs cannot adequately penetrate the thick capsule of the abscess and kill the bacteria inside. .avma_container div{ CAB Direct provides a convenient, single point of access to all of your CABI database subscriptions. (You can unsubscribe anytime). The retrobulbar space is the area just behind the eye. @article{Ward2006DiagnosisAM, title={Diagnosis and management of a retrobulbar abscess of periapical origin in a domestic rabbit. Background: Ophthalmic disease is a common reason for rabbits to be presented to the general veterinary practitioner. The elongated root of the 5th maxillary cheek tooth has penetrated the bone and continued to grow into the abscess cavity in the orbit (arrowed). Unfortunately, it was too little too late. Radiography (x-rays) of the skull is generally performed under general anaesthesia. Atlantic Coast Veterinary Conference 2001, Advances in diagnosis and treatment of small exotic mammal dental disease, Clinical aspects of lagomorph dental anatomy: the rabbit (, A review of clinical conditions in pet rabbits associated with their teeth, Calcium deficiency, diet and dental disease in pet rabbits, Parathyroid hormone, haematological and biochemical parameters in relation to dental disease and husbandry in rabbits, Soft tissue surgery and dental procedures, Endoscopic assessment and treatment of cheek teeth malocclusion in pet rabbits, Endoscopy as an aid to the examination and treatment of oropharyngeal disease of small herbivorous mammals, Diagnosis and management of a retrobulbar abscess of periapical origin in a domestic rabbit, Microbiological and molecular analysis of endodontic infections, The use of calcium hydroxide in the treatment of abscesses in the cheek of the rabbit resulting from a dental periapical disorder, Peridontal bacteria in rabbit mandibular and maxillary abscesses, Ophthalmologic diseases in small pet mammals, Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, Departments of Anatomy and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, COPYRIGHT ASSIGNMENT AND
How To Know When Beats Flex Are Fully Charged, Articles R